doc/go_spec.html | 412 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------------- diff --git a/doc/go_spec.html b/doc/go_spec.html index 6c6f982854aeeb5c0b02d45391fe84c1e5f1d4d7..ad12fcfaa99992644d418a969c5562b6e9047a6e 100644 --- a/doc/go_spec.html +++ b/doc/go_spec.html @@ -1,26 +1,16 @@ -

Earlier version

- -

-For the pre-Go1.18 specification without generics support see -The Go Programming Language Specification. -

- - -

-[For reviewers: Sections where we know of missing prose are marked like this. The markers will be removed before the release.] -

Introduction

-This is a reference manual for the Go programming language. For -more information and other documents, see golang.org. +This is the reference manual for the Go programming language. +The pre-Go1.18 version, without generics, can be found +here. +For more information and other documents, see golang.org.

@@ -766,7 +756,7 @@ type given in its declaration, the type provided in the new call or composite literal, or the type of an element of a structured variable. Variables of interface type also have a distinct dynamic type, -which is the concrete type of the value assigned to the variable at run time +which is the (non-interface) type of the value assigned to the variable at run time (unless the value is the predeclared identifier nil, which has no type). The dynamic type may vary during execution but values stored in interface @@ -812,7 +802,7 @@

The language predeclares certain type names. Others are introduced with type declarations -or type parameter lists. +or type parameter lists. Composite types—array, struct, pointer, function, interface, slice, map, and channel types—may be constructed using type literals. @@ -987,7 +977,7 @@ built-in function cap(a).

-A new, initialized slice value for a given element type T is +A new, initialized slice value for a given element type T may be made using the built-in function make, which takes a slice type @@ -1422,7 +1412,7 @@ interface { ~int } -// An interface representing all types with underlying type int which implement the String method. +// An interface representing all types with underlying type int that implement the String method. interface { ~int String() string @@ -1455,32 +1445,32 @@ Union elements denote unions of type sets:

-// The Floats interface represents all floating-point types
+// The Float interface represents all floating-point types
 // (including any named types whose underlying types are
 // either float32 or float64).
-type Floats interface {
+type Float interface {
 	~float32 | ~float64
 }

-In a union, a term cannot be a type parameter, and the type sets of all +In a union, a term cannot be a type parameter, and the type sets of all non-interface terms must be pairwise disjoint (the pairwise intersection of the type sets must be empty). Given a type parameter P:

 interface {
-	P                 // illegal: the term P is a type parameter
-	int | P           // illegal: the term P is a type parameter
-	~int | MyInt      // illegal: the type sets for ~int and MyInt are not disjoint (~int includes MyInt)
-	float32 | Floats  // overlapping type sets but Floats is an interface
+	P                // illegal: P is a type parameter
+	int | P          // illegal: P is a type parameter
+	~int | MyInt     // illegal: the type sets for ~int and MyInt are not disjoint (~int includes MyInt)
+	float32 | Float  // overlapping type sets but Float is an interface
 }

Implementation restriction: -A union with more than one term cannot contain the +A union (with more than one term) cannot contain the predeclared identifier comparable or interfaces that specify methods, or embed comparable or interfaces that specify methods. @@ -1494,12 +1484,12 @@ non-interface types.

-var x Floats                     // illegal: Floats is not a basic interface
+var x Float                     // illegal: Float is not a basic interface
 
-var x interface{} = Floats(nil)  // illegal
+var x interface{} = Float(nil)  // illegal
 
 type Floatish struct {
-	f Floats                 // illegal
+	f Float                 // illegal
 }

@@ -1545,7 +1535,7 @@

-A value x of type T implements an interface if T +A value of type T implements an interface if T implements the interface.

@@ -1701,10 +1691,9 @@ Each type T has an underlying type: If T is one of the predeclared boolean, numeric, or string types, or a type literal, the corresponding underlying type is T itself. Otherwise, T's underlying type is the underlying type of the -type to which T refers in its type -declaration. The underlying type of a type parameter is the -underlying type of its type constraint, which -is always an interface. +type to which T refers in its declaration. +For a type parameter that is the underlying type of its +type constraint, which is always an interface.

@@ -1755,7 +1744,7 @@ 
 
 
 
-All other interfaces don't have a core type.
+No other interfaces have a core type.
 
 
 
@@ -1775,7 +1764,7 @@ 
 
 

 By definition, a core type is never a defined type,
-type parameter, or
+type parameter, or
 interface type.
 
 
@@ -1795,7 +1784,7 @@ interface{ ~[]*data; String() string }    // []*data

-Examples of interfaces whithout core types: +Examples of interfaces without core types:

@@ -1805,70 +1794,6 @@ interface{ chan int | chan<- string }     // channels have different element types
 interface{ <-chan int | chan<- int }      // directional channels have different directions

Specific types

- -

-[The definition of specific types is not quite correct yet.] -

- -

-An interface specification that contains type elements -defines a (possibly empty) set of specific types. -Loosely speaking, these are the types T that appear in the -interface definition in terms of the form T, ~T, -or in unions of such terms. -

- -

-More precisely, for a given interface, the set of specific types corresponds to -the set 𝑅 of representative types of the interface, if 𝑅 is non-empty and finite. -Otherwise, if 𝑅 is empty or infinite, the interface has no specific types. -

- -

-For a given interface, type element or type term, the set 𝑅 of representative types is defined as follows: -

- -

For an interface with no type elements, 𝑅 is the (infinite) set of all types. -
For an interface with type elements, - 𝑅 is the intersection of the representative types of its type elements. -
For a non-interface type term T or a term of the form ~T, - 𝑅 is the set consisting of the type T. -
For a union of terms - t₁|t₂|…|t_n, - 𝑅 is the union of the representative types of the terms. -

- -

-An interface may have specific types even if its type set -is empty. -

- -

-Examples of interfaces with their specific types: -

- -

-interface{}                    // no specific types
-interface{ int }               // int
-interface{ ~string }           // string
-interface{ int|~string }       // int, string
-interface{ Celsius|Kelvin }    // Celsius, Kelvin
-interface{ float64|any }       // no specific types (union is all types)
-interface{ int; m() }          // int (but type set is empty because int has no method m)
-interface{ ~int; m() }         // int (but type set is infinite because many integer types have a method m)
-interface{ int; any }          // int
-interface{ int; string }       // no specific types (intersection is empty)
-

Type identity

@@ -1973,21 +1898,21 @@

Assignability

-A value x is assignable to a variable of type T +A value x of type V is assignable to a variable of type T ("x is assignable to T") if one of the following conditions applies:

-x's type is identical to T. +V and T are identical.
-x's type V and T have identical +V and T have identical underlying types and at least one of V or T is not a named type.
-x's type V and T are channel types with +V and T are channel types with identical element types, V is a bidirectional channel, and at least one of V or T is not a named type.

-Additionally, if x's type V or T are type parameters -with specific types, x +Additionally, if x's type V or T are type parameters, x is assignable to a variable of type T if one of the following conditions applies:

x is the predeclared identifier nil, T is -a type parameter, and x is assignable to each specific type of -T. +a type parameter, and x is assignable to each type in +T's type set.
V is not a named type, T is -a type parameter, and x is assignable to each specific type of -T. +a type parameter, and x is assignable to each type in +T's type set.
V is a type parameter and T is not a named type, -and values of each specific type of V are assignable +and values of each type in V's type set are assignable to T.

@@ -2036,7 +1960,7 @@

A constant x is representable by a value of type T, -where T is not a type parameter, +where T is not a type parameter, if one of the following conditions applies:

@@ -2061,9 +1985,9 @@

-If T is a type parameter with specific types, +If T is a type parameter, x is representable by a value of type T if x is representable -by a value of each specific type of T. +by a value of each type in T's type set.

@@ -2176,6 +2100,7 @@ 
 A declaration binds a non-blank identifier to a
 constant,
 type,
+type parameter,
 variable,
 function,
 label, or
@@ -2220,13 +2145,13 @@
 	
The scope of an identifier denoting a method receiver, function parameter,
 	    or result variable is the function body.
 
-	The scope of an identifier denoting a type parameter of a generic function
+	
The scope of an identifier denoting a type parameter of a function
 	    or declared by a method receiver is the function body and all parameter lists of the
 	    function.
 	
 
-	The scope of an identifier denoting a type parameter of a generic type
-	    begins after the name of the generic type and ends at the end
+	
The scope of an identifier denoting a type parameter of a type
+	    begins after the name of the type and ends at the end
 	    of the TypeSpec.
 
 	The scope of a constant or variable identifier declared
@@ -2512,7 +2437,7 @@ )
 
 type TreeNode struct {
 	left, right *TreeNode
-	value *Comparable
+	value any
 }
 
 type Block interface {
@@ -2573,7 +2498,7 @@ }

-If the type definition specifies type parameters, +If the type definition specifies type parameters, the type name denotes a generic type. Generic types must be instantiated when they are used. @@ -2583,16 +2508,11 @@

 type List[T any] struct {
 	next  *List[T]
 	value T
-}
-
-type Tree[T constraints.Ordered] struct {
-	left, right *Tree[T]
-	value       T
 }

-The given type cannot be a type parameter in a type definition. +In a type definition the given type cannot be a type parameter.

@@ -2604,8 +2524,8 @@ }

-A generic type may also have methods associated with it. In this case, -the method receivers must declare the same number of type parameters as +A generic type may also have methods associated with it. +In this case, the method receivers must declare the same number of type parameters as present in the generic type definition.

@@ -2614,7 +2534,7 @@ // The method Len returns the number of elements in the linked list l. func (l *List[T]) Len() int { … } -

Type parameter lists

Type parameter declarations

A type parameter list declares the type parameters of a generic function or type declaration. @@ -2653,22 +2573,22 @@

A parsing ambiguity arises when the type parameter list for a generic type -declares a single type parameter with a type constraint of the form *C -or (C) where C is not a (possibly parenthesized) -type literal: +declares a single type parameter P with a constraint C +such that the text P C forms a valid expression:

 type T[P *C] …
 type T[P (C)] …
+type T[P *C|Q] …
+…

-In these rare cases, the type parameter declaration is indistinguishable from -the expressions P*C or P(C) and the type declaration -is parsed as an array type declaration. -To resolve the ambiguity, embed the constraint in an interface or use a trailing -comma: +In these rare cases, the type parameter list is indistinguishable from an +expression and the type declaration is parsed as an array type declaration. +To resolve the ambiguity, embed the constraint in an +interface or use a trailing comma:

@@ -2681,6 +2601,11 @@ Type parameters may also be declared by the receiver specification
 of a method declaration associated
 with a generic type.
 
+
+
 
 Type constraints
 
@@ -2701,10 +2626,10 @@ the enclosing interface{ … } may be omitted for convenience:
 
 
 -[T *P]                             // = [T interface{*P}]
-[T ~int]                           // = [T interface{~int}]
-[T int|string]                     // = [T interface{int|string}]
-type Constraint ~int               // illegal: ~int is not inside a type parameter list
+[T []P]                      // = [T interface{[]P}]
+[T ~int]                     // = [T interface{~int}]
+[T int|string]               // = [T interface{int|string}]
+type Constraint ~int         // illegal: ~int is not inside a type parameter list
 
 
 
+
 
 A Pointer is a pointer type but a Pointer
 value may not be dereferenced.
-Any pointer or value of underlying type uintptr can be converted to
-a type of underlying type Pointer and vice versa.
+Any pointer or value of underlying type uintptr can be
+converted to a type of underlying type Pointer and vice versa.
 The effect of converting between Pointer and uintptr is implementation-defined.
 
 
@@ -8055,7 +7980,8 @@

A (variable of) type T has variable size if T -is a type parameter, or if it is an array or struct type containing elements +is a type parameter, or if it is an +array or struct type containing elements or fields of variable size. Otherwise the size is constant. Calls to Alignof, Offsetof, and Sizeof are compile-time constant expressions of